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Although many birth control methods like IUDs, oral pills, or shots prevent pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Anyone who has vaginal, anal, oral sex, or shares sex toys with others could get an STI. Using a birth control method that provides a physical barrier such as a condom, internal condom, or dental dam every time you have sex can help protect against STIs. Most people with STIs don’t know they have them, so it is important to get tested regularly if you are sexually active and ask new sexual partners to get tested.
WHAT WE KNOW
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections you can get from having unprotected sex. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, and human papilloma virus (HPV).
Using a barrier during sex such as a condom or dental dam can protect against STIs. Condoms can protect against STIs and pregnancy when used correctly. STIs can be transmitted during sexual activities that involve the mouth, vagina, penis, or anus.
You can also ensure that you and your sexual partner(s) are tested for STIs before having sex, and on a regular basis if you are not in a monogamous relationship.
Some STIs can be prevented by a vaccine or medication. For example, a vaccine is available to help prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) and medications like PrEP help prevent infection from HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). People can talk to their healthcare provider or a community clinic to learn more about personal risk factors and preventative measures for STIs.
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Although many birth control methods like IUDs, oral pills, or shots prevent pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Anyone who has vaginal, anal, oral sex, or shares sex toys with others could get an STI. Using a birth control method that provides a physical barrier such as a condom, internal condom, or dental dam every time you have sex can help protect against STIs. Most people with STIs don’t know they have them, so it is important to get tested regularly if you are sexually active and ask new sexual partners to get tested.
WHAT WE KNOW
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections you can get from having unprotected sex. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, and human papilloma virus (HPV).
Using a barrier during sex such as a condom or dental dam can protect against STIs. Condoms can protect against STIs and pregnancy when used correctly. STIs can be transmitted during sexual activities that involve the mouth, vagina, penis, or anus.
You can also ensure that you and your sexual partner(s) are tested for STIs before having sex, and on a regular basis if you are not in a monogamous relationship.
Some STIs can be prevented by a vaccine or medication. For example, a vaccine is available to help prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) and medications like PrEP help prevent infection from HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). People can talk to their healthcare provider or a community clinic to learn more about personal risk factors and preventative measures for STIs.
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Vaccines help prevent disease and do not cause autism. The false claim that vaccines cause autism dates back to a small 1998 study of 12 children and the MMR vaccine. The study was deeply flawed and based on misrepresented data and later removed from the scientific journal that published it. Since then, over 25 high-quality research studies have shown no link between autism and vaccines. Other false claims link autism to getting multiple vaccinations at the same time or to the use of vaccine preservatives. These claims have also been studied, and scientists continue to find no evidence to support these claims.
WHAT WE KNOW
Signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to show up around the same time as childhood vaccinations by coincidence. Early autism signs appear in toddlers at around 2-3 years old, and a diagnosis is usually not given until the age of three or later. Many childhood vaccinations are also given between the ages of 2 months and 18 months, including the MMR vaccine.
The overlap in timing is part of the reason why false claims that vaccines cause autism could lead people to believe the two are linked. However, scientific research has repeatedly shown that this overlap in timing is coincidental and not causal, and vaccinated children do not have higher autism rates than unvaccinated children.
The number of children diagnosed with autism has risen over the past decade. Diagnostic criteria have also changed, which broadened the definition to include people with lower support needs who may not have previously qualified for the diagnosis (formerly diagnosed as Aspergers Syndrome). This, along with increased awareness of ASD, is likely the main cause of this increase.
Autism spectrum disorder, as the name implies, is a spectrum. This means that there are varying degrees to which autism affects people’s day-to-day lives.
Research has shown that the cause of autism is largely genetic, which means the genes for developing autism are passed down from one generation to the next.
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While autism is largely genetic, scientists continue to research other factors which may increase the risk of autism including the age of parents at the time of conception.
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Vaccines help prevent disease and do not cause autism. The false claim that vaccines cause autism dates back to a small 1998 study of 12 children and the MMR vaccine. The study was deeply flawed and based on misrepresented data and later removed from the scientific journal that published it. Since then, over 25 high-quality research studies have shown no link between autism and vaccines. Other false claims link autism to getting multiple vaccinations at the same time or to the use of vaccine preservatives. These claims have also been studied, and scientists continue to find no evidence to support these claims.
WHAT WE KNOW
Signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to show up around the same time as childhood vaccinations by coincidence. Early autism signs appear in toddlers at around 2-3 years old, and a diagnosis is usually not given until the age of three or later. Many childhood vaccinations are also given between the ages of 2 months and 18 months, including the MMR vaccine.
The overlap in timing is part of the reason why false claims that vaccines cause autism could lead people to believe the two are linked. However, scientific research has repeatedly shown that this overlap in timing is coincidental and not causal, and vaccinated children do not have higher autism rates than unvaccinated children.
The number of children diagnosed with autism has risen over the past decade. Diagnostic criteria have also changed, which broadened the definition to include people with lower support needs who may not have previously qualified for the diagnosis (formerly diagnosed as Aspergers Syndrome). This, along with increased awareness of ASD, is likely the main cause of this increase.
Autism spectrum disorder, as the name implies, is a spectrum. This means that there are varying degrees to which autism affects people’s day-to-day lives.
Research has shown that the cause of autism is largely genetic, which means the genes for developing autism are passed down from one generation to the next.
UNKNOWNS
While autism is largely genetic, scientists continue to research other factors which may increase the risk of autism including the age of parents at the time of conception.
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects 3-8% of menstruating people. Severe PMDD can interfere with daily life. PMDD’s cause is unknown. Some women on social media have reported that antihistamines like Pepcid, Benadryl or Claritin help their PMDD symptoms. However, there is currently no research to support or refute this claim. Regular long-term use of Benadryl (Diphenhydramine) is not recommended and can increase dementia risk. PMDD is often effectively treated with SSRIs, which are antidepressant medications.
WHAT WE KNOW
Symptoms of PMDD include depressed mood, increased anxiety, changes in appetite, fatigue, and mood swings.
Exercise, consuming less caffeine, lowering alcohol and sugar intake, and getting plenty of sleep are changes that may help ease symptoms. However, these changes do not work for everyone and may not make symptoms go away completely.
Ob-gyns can discuss treatment options for PMDD and may refer patients to a psychiatrist for treatment with an SSRI, a type of antidepressant medication. There is a growing body of evidence that SSRIs can be an effective form of treatment. However, more research on PMDD treatment is needed.
UNKNOWNS
The cause of PMDD is unknown, and more research is needed in this area.
The research on treatment for PMDD is also limited. While oral birth control pills are sometimes prescribed, there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness in treating PMDD.
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects 3-8% of menstruating people. Severe PMDD can interfere with daily life. PMDD’s cause is unknown. Some women on social media have reported that antihistamines like Pepcid, Benadryl or Claritin help their PMDD symptoms. However, there is currently no research to support or refute this claim. Regular long-term use of Benadryl (Diphenhydramine) is not recommended and can increase dementia risk. PMDD is often effectively treated with SSRIs, which are antidepressant medications.
WHAT WE KNOW
Symptoms of PMDD include depressed mood, increased anxiety, changes in appetite, fatigue, and mood swings.
Exercise, consuming less caffeine, lowering alcohol and sugar intake, and getting plenty of sleep are changes that may help ease symptoms. However, these changes do not work for everyone and may not make symptoms go away completely.
Ob-gyns can discuss treatment options for PMDD and may refer patients to a psychiatrist for treatment with an SSRI, a type of antidepressant medication. There is a growing body of evidence that SSRIs can be an effective form of treatment. However, more research on PMDD treatment is needed.
UNKNOWNS
The cause of PMDD is unknown, and more research is needed in this area.
The research on treatment for PMDD is also limited. While oral birth control pills are sometimes prescribed, there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness in treating PMDD.
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On June 17, FreshRealm chicken fettuccine alfredo meals sold under the Home Chef and Marketside brands were recalled after being linked to an outbreak of Listeria. The outbreak caused 3 deaths, one fetal loss, 17 reported cases, and 16 hospitalizations. The microwavable meals were sold in the refrigerator section at Walmart and Kroger nationwide with best-by dates of 6/27/25 and earlier. The investigation is ongoing, and additional products may be affected. People should not eat the recalled meals. The meals should be thrown away or returned for a refund.
WHAT WE KNOW
The outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes has been ongoing since August 2024. The same strain of Listeria was identified in routine testing of chicken alfredo meals by the FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service). The sample was collected in March 2025, and the affected lot was destroyed.
Four people out of the 17 reported cases reported eating or purchasing FreshRealm chicken alfredo.
The recalled products include 32.8-oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/27/25, 12.3 oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/26/25, and 12.5 oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/19/25.
Listeria is a type of bacteria that can contaminate food and cause illness. It thrives in cool temperatures (like a refrigerator) and rapidly multiplies when it comes into contact with food. The foods most affected include luncheon meats, raw milk, soft cheeses, smoked seafood, salads, and uncooked fruits and vegetables.
Listeria infections are especially dangerous during pregnancy, for older adults, and for anyone who is immunocompromised. Those who are pregnant and their newborns are most likely to get sick from Listeria. Often, they will only get a mild illness, but Listeria can be harmful to the unborn baby and could lead to pregnancy loss.
UNKNOWNS
The FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service) is continuing to investigate this outbreak to determine if a specific ingredient in the chicken alfredo is the source of contamination with Listeria monocytogenes.
The FSIS will update the recall as more information becomes available; it is possible that additional products were contaminated.
The number of cases in this outbreak is likely much higher than the reported 17 cases. This is because not everyone sees a doctor if their symptoms are mild and many cases are likely to go unreported.
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On June 17, FreshRealm chicken fettuccine alfredo meals sold under the Home Chef and Marketside brands were recalled after being linked to an outbreak of Listeria. The outbreak caused 3 deaths, one fetal loss, 17 reported cases, and 16 hospitalizations. The microwavable meals were sold in the refrigerator section at Walmart and Kroger nationwide with best-by dates of 6/27/25 and earlier. The investigation is ongoing, and additional products may be affected. People should not eat the recalled meals. The meals should be thrown away or returned for a refund.
WHAT WE KNOW
The outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes has been ongoing since August 2024. The same strain of Listeria was identified in routine testing of chicken alfredo meals by the FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service). The sample was collected in March 2025, and the affected lot was destroyed.
Four people out of the 17 reported cases reported eating or purchasing FreshRealm chicken alfredo.
The recalled products include 32.8-oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/27/25, 12.3 oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/26/25, and 12.5 oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/19/25.
Listeria is a type of bacteria that can contaminate food and cause illness. It thrives in cool temperatures (like a refrigerator) and rapidly multiplies when it comes into contact with food. The foods most affected include luncheon meats, raw milk, soft cheeses, smoked seafood, salads, and uncooked fruits and vegetables.
Listeria infections are especially dangerous during pregnancy, for older adults, and for anyone who is immunocompromised. Those who are pregnant and their newborns are most likely to get sick from Listeria. Often, they will only get a mild illness, but Listeria can be harmful to the unborn baby and could lead to pregnancy loss.
UNKNOWNS
The FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service) is continuing to investigate this outbreak to determine if a specific ingredient in the chicken alfredo is the source of contamination with Listeria monocytogenes.
The FSIS will update the recall as more information becomes available; it is possible that additional products were contaminated.
The number of cases in this outbreak is likely much higher than the reported 17 cases. This is because not everyone sees a doctor if their symptoms are mild and many cases are likely to go unreported.
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Dinty Moore beef stew was recalled after consumers reported wood pieces in the stew. The 20-oz cans of stew were produced February 4th, 2025, and distributed nationwide with expiration dates of 2028. The lot code is T02045 (there may be an additional number at the end). People should check their pantries for affected cans. Recalled stew can be returned to the place of purchase for a refund or thrown away. Pictures of recalled cans are available at FSIS.USDA.gov/recalls.
WHAT WE KNOW
Hormel Foods Corporation recalled 256,185 lbs. of beef stew after receiving three customer reports of wood in the product. The company alerted the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service.
There have been no reported injuries connected to this recall so far. Anyone who is concerned about an injury from eating this stew should contact a healthcare provider.
The cans of stew do not expire until 2028, so it is important to check your pantry now to make sure any of the recalled stew is removed.
Anyone with questions about the recall can contact Hormel Foods Corporation at 800-523-4635 or media@hormel.com.
UNKNOWNS
The source of the wood contamination is not known at this time.
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Dinty Moore beef stew was recalled after consumers reported wood pieces in the stew. The 20-oz cans of stew were produced February 4th, 2025, and distributed nationwide with expiration dates of 2028. The lot code is T02045 (there may be an additional number at the end). People should check their pantries for affected cans. Recalled stew can be returned to the place of purchase for a refund or thrown away. Pictures of recalled cans are available at FSIS.USDA.gov/recalls.
WHAT WE KNOW
Hormel Foods Corporation recalled 256,185 lbs. of beef stew after receiving three customer reports of wood in the product. The company alerted the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service.
There have been no reported injuries connected to this recall so far. Anyone who is concerned about an injury from eating this stew should contact a healthcare provider.
The cans of stew do not expire until 2028, so it is important to check your pantry now to make sure any of the recalled stew is removed.
Anyone with questions about the recall can contact Hormel Foods Corporation at 800-523-4635 or media@hormel.com.
UNKNOWNS
The source of the wood contamination is not known at this time.
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Many parts of the U.S. are experiencing higher than average humidity and extreme heat. Heat exhaustion or heat stroke are risks for everyone, even the young and healthy. Extreme heat also worsens existing conditions like heart disease and asthma. Young children and those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking certain prescription medications are also more sensitive to heat. During a heat wave, take extra steps to stay hydrated and cool. Stay in air-conditioned buildings and use cold, wet cloths and fans to cool down. If you don’t have air conditioning, go to a mall, library, or cooling center during the hottest parts of the day. Call 2-1-1 for information on cooling centers.
WHAT WE KNOW
High heat combined with humidity makes it hard for the body to cool itself and can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and make some existing health conditions worse.
Muscle cramps and heavy sweating are some of the first signs of heat stress which can turn into heat exhaustion with symptoms that include weakness, headache, nausea, and fainting. If someone is experiencing the first signs of heat stress, it is important to immediately move to a cooler place and sip water to cool down and rehydrate.
Heat stroke is the most severe stage of a heat-related illness and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms include a body temperature above 103 F, throbbing headache, confusion, slurred speech, dizziness, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.
Some health conditions that can get worse or be triggered by elevated heat include: heart attack, stroke, kidney problems, asthma, and other respiratory illnesses.
Local cooling centers can be found at The National Center for Healthy Housing under “Cooling Centers by State”.
A map of the current heat stress risk can be found on The National Weather Service website.
UNKNOWNS
Heat waves are becoming more frequent and lasting longer; we are still learning the full impacts of these shifts.
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Many parts of the U.S. are experiencing higher than average humidity and extreme heat. Heat exhaustion or heat stroke are risks for everyone, even the young and healthy. Extreme heat also worsens existing conditions like heart disease and asthma. Young children and those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking certain prescription medications are also more sensitive to heat. During a heat wave, take extra steps to stay hydrated and cool. Stay in air-conditioned buildings and use cold, wet cloths and fans to cool down. If you don’t have air conditioning, go to a mall, library, or cooling center during the hottest parts of the day. Call 2-1-1 for information on cooling centers.
WHAT WE KNOW
High heat combined with humidity makes it hard for the body to cool itself and can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and make some existing health conditions worse.
Muscle cramps and heavy sweating are some of the first signs of heat stress which can turn into heat exhaustion with symptoms that include weakness, headache, nausea, and fainting. If someone is experiencing the first signs of heat stress, it is important to immediately move to a cooler place and sip water to cool down and rehydrate.
Heat stroke is the most severe stage of a heat-related illness and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms include a body temperature above 103 F, throbbing headache, confusion, slurred speech, dizziness, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.
Some health conditions that can get worse or be triggered by elevated heat include: heart attack, stroke, kidney problems, asthma, and other respiratory illnesses.
Local cooling centers can be found at The National Center for Healthy Housing under “Cooling Centers by State”.
A map of the current heat stress risk can be found on The National Weather Service website.
UNKNOWNS
Heat waves are becoming more frequent and lasting longer; we are still learning the full impacts of these shifts.
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On June 18th, the FDA approved lenacapavir (brand name Yeztugo) for HIV prevention. The twice-a-year injection could be easier to take than current PrEP pills which require a daily dose. While the drug is not a vaccine for HIV, it can prevent infection for six months. The drug is already approved for HIV treatment under the brand name Sunlenca. We are still learning what insurance coverage and costs will be for Yeztugo and how it may help slow HIV transmission rates.
WHAT WE KNOW
Lenacapavir disrupts the early life-cycle stages of the HIV virus and keeps it from replicating. In clinical trials, Lenacapavir was 99.9% effective in preventing HIV infection.
Current drugs to prevent HIV, known collectively as PrEP, are pills that need to be taken every day to be effective. This includes medications like Truvada, Descovy and emtricitabine.
While Lenacapavir (Yeztugo), is now approved by the FDA it may take some time before it is covered by insurance.
Until insurance covers the shot or costs come down, PrEP daily oral pills are the most affordable and effective option for HIV prevention.
UNKNOWNS
Researchers are still working to develop a lower-cost version of the drug. Gilead Sciences announced the US list price to be $28,218 per person per year. Researchers have projected that production costs could be lowered to $35 - $46 per person per year with mass production and a generic version.
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On June 18th, the FDA approved lenacapavir (brand name Yeztugo) for HIV prevention. The twice-a-year injection could be easier to take than current PrEP pills which require a daily dose. While the drug is not a vaccine for HIV, it can prevent infection for six months. The drug is already approved for HIV treatment under the brand name Sunlenca. We are still learning what insurance coverage and costs will be for Yeztugo and how it may help slow HIV transmission rates.
WHAT WE KNOW
Lenacapavir disrupts the early life-cycle stages of the HIV virus and keeps it from replicating. In clinical trials, Lenacapavir was 99.9% effective in preventing HIV infection.
Current drugs to prevent HIV, known collectively as PrEP, are pills that need to be taken every day to be effective. This includes medications like Truvada, Descovy and emtricitabine.
While Lenacapavir (Yeztugo), is now approved by the FDA it may take some time before it is covered by insurance.
Until insurance covers the shot or costs come down, PrEP daily oral pills are the most affordable and effective option for HIV prevention.
UNKNOWNS
Researchers are still working to develop a lower-cost version of the drug. Gilead Sciences announced the US list price to be $28,218 per person per year. Researchers have projected that production costs could be lowered to $35 - $46 per person per year with mass production and a generic version.
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The CDC released data on vaccination rates for kindergarteners from the 2024-2025 school year. Nationally, vaccination rates across all vaccines were lower than the year before, falling to 92.5% for the measles vaccine and 92.1% for all other required vaccines. Thirty-nine states had vaccination rates for measles below the target level of 95%. This yearly decline in vaccination rates has been happening since the pandemic in 2020. State level vaccination rates varied widely, from 78.5% in Idaho to 98.2% in Connecticut. Higher vaccination rates protect communities from disease, especially for those who can’t get vaccinated.
WHAT WE KNOW
Diseases like measles and whooping cough are especially dangerous for infants and young children because their immune systems are not fully developed yet. Vaccines provide protection against these diseases. Public schools require students to receive the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), polio (IPV), and diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough (DTAP) vaccines.
If enough people in a community are vaccinated against a disease the chance of that disease spreading within the community is low. This is called “herd immunity”. The vaccination rate needed to reach herd immunity is different for each disease. For measles, 95% of people need to be vaccinated to protect the community from measles outbreaks.
Some children can’t receive a vaccine for medical reasons, and others may not receive a vaccine because of religious reasons. Typically, this is okay if enough other children are vaccinated and herd immunity is reached.
Currently, vaccination rates in many regions are below the level for herd immunity, which could mean outbreaks of certain diseases like whooping cough and measles. Unvaccinated children are at the highest risk from these diseases.
Nationally, the percentage of vaccine exemptions for children entering kindergarten has risen from 2.5% in the 2019-2020 school year to 3.6% in the 024-2025 school year.
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We are still learning what the impacts of these lower vaccination rates will be moving into the school year.
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The CDC released data on vaccination rates for kindergarteners from the 2024-2025 school year. Nationally, vaccination rates across all vaccines were lower than the year before, falling to 92.5% for the measles vaccine and 92.1% for all other required vaccines. Thirty-nine states had vaccination rates for measles below the target level of 95%. This yearly decline in vaccination rates has been happening since the pandemic in 2020. State level vaccination rates varied widely, from 78.5% in Idaho to 98.2% in Connecticut. Higher vaccination rates protect communities from disease, especially for those who can’t get vaccinated.
WHAT WE KNOW
Diseases like measles and whooping cough are especially dangerous for infants and young children because their immune systems are not fully developed yet. Vaccines provide protection against these diseases. Public schools require students to receive the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), polio (IPV), and diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough (DTAP) vaccines.
If enough people in a community are vaccinated against a disease the chance of that disease spreading within the community is low. This is called “herd immunity”. The vaccination rate needed to reach herd immunity is different for each disease. For measles, 95% of people need to be vaccinated to protect the community from measles outbreaks.
Some children can’t receive a vaccine for medical reasons, and others may not receive a vaccine because of religious reasons. Typically, this is okay if enough other children are vaccinated and herd immunity is reached.
Currently, vaccination rates in many regions are below the level for herd immunity, which could mean outbreaks of certain diseases like whooping cough and measles. Unvaccinated children are at the highest risk from these diseases.
Nationally, the percentage of vaccine exemptions for children entering kindergarten has risen from 2.5% in the 2019-2020 school year to 3.6% in the 024-2025 school year.
UNKNOWNS
We are still learning what the impacts of these lower vaccination rates will be moving into the school year.
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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has released guidelines for pain management during common in-office procedures including IUD insertion. Everyone experiences pain differently, and the guidelines are meant to ensure that doctors inform patients of their options for pain management and help them make the best choice before undergoing a procedure. Some options for IUD insertions include numbing sprays and creams or paracervical blocks.
WHAT WE KNOW
The new ACOG guidelines also apply to other in-office gynecological procedures, including endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, intrauterine imaging, and cervical biopsy. Recommended pain management options vary for each procedure. Doctors should discuss the potential pain experienced during the procedure and the available pain management options with each patient.
IUD stands for Intrauterine Device and is a form of birth control that can prevent pregnancy for 3-10 years depending on the type of IUD used.
Only a healthcare provider is qualified to insert, adjust, or remove an IUD. Insertion typically takes about 15 minutes. There are pain management options available for patients to make the procedure less uncomfortable.
Each patient tolerates pain differently. A patient, in consultation with their doctor, can choose to have local anesthetics, numbing sprays or creams, NSAIDS such as Advil, or sedation throughout the procedure.
Some cramping is expected after the placement, but if someone is still experiencing cramping one week after insertion they should let their doctor know to ensure the IUD is not out of place.
People are more likely to experience pain with insertion if they have never given birth vaginally, have painful periods, experience pelvic pain and heavy periods, or know that they have a lower pain tolerance.
UNKNOWNS
Not all patients, especially Black patients, are given options for pain management before IUD procedures. We are still learning if these new guidelines will ensure doctors talk with all patients about pain management options.
We are still learning about the effectiveness of NSAIDs in reducing pain before IUD insertion.
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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has released guidelines for pain management during common in-office procedures including IUD insertion. Everyone experiences pain differently, and the guidelines are meant to ensure that doctors inform patients of their options for pain management and help them make the best choice before undergoing a procedure. Some options for IUD insertions include numbing sprays and creams or paracervical blocks.
WHAT WE KNOW
The new ACOG guidelines also apply to other in-office gynecological procedures, including endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, intrauterine imaging, and cervical biopsy. Recommended pain management options vary for each procedure. Doctors should discuss the potential pain experienced during the procedure and the available pain management options with each patient.
IUD stands for Intrauterine Device and is a form of birth control that can prevent pregnancy for 3-10 years depending on the type of IUD used.
Only a healthcare provider is qualified to insert, adjust, or remove an IUD. Insertion typically takes about 15 minutes. There are pain management options available for patients to make the procedure less uncomfortable.
Each patient tolerates pain differently. A patient, in consultation with their doctor, can choose to have local anesthetics, numbing sprays or creams, NSAIDS such as Advil, or sedation throughout the procedure.
Some cramping is expected after the placement, but if someone is still experiencing cramping one week after insertion they should let their doctor know to ensure the IUD is not out of place.
People are more likely to experience pain with insertion if they have never given birth vaginally, have painful periods, experience pelvic pain and heavy periods, or know that they have a lower pain tolerance.
UNKNOWNS
Not all patients, especially Black patients, are given options for pain management before IUD procedures. We are still learning if these new guidelines will ensure doctors talk with all patients about pain management options.
We are still learning about the effectiveness of NSAIDs in reducing pain before IUD insertion.
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PFAS is a broad term for almost 15,000 long-lasting chemicals. Most people in the US have some PFAS in their blood from a wide range of exposures including non-stick cookware, water resistant clothing, and some shampoo, nail polish, eye-makeup, and food packaging. PFAS is used in some dental floss to help the floss glide over and between teeth. PFAS in dental floss can absorb into the bloodstream through the gums. People can avoid using floss containing PFAS, and look for silk, wax, or plant-based floss instead. Scientists are still learning about health risks from PFAS chemicals.
WHAT WE KNOW
PFAS stands for polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used in many everyday products since 1940. PFAS are often used to make products non-stick, stain resistant, water resistant, or heat resistant.
PFAS are long-lasting chemicals that can build up in both the environment and the human body.
Current research suggests PFAS may have negative health effects at certain levels. Some studies have found an increased risk of cancers, hormonal impacts, and weakened immune system, however we are still learning about these findings.
The health impacts of PFAS are thought to develop over time as PFAS levels build up in the body after repeated exposure. This build-up happens because PFAS are found in so many commonly used products, in the environment, and even in food.
UNKNOWNS
Research is ongoing to study the health impacts of PFAS. Two different PFAS chemicals, PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic Acid) and PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonate), have been removed from consumer products in the US in recent years due to health concerns. These chemicals have been replaced by other PFAS chemicals.
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PFAS is a broad term for almost 15,000 long-lasting chemicals. Most people in the US have some PFAS in their blood from a wide range of exposures including non-stick cookware, water resistant clothing, and some shampoo, nail polish, eye-makeup, and food packaging. PFAS is used in some dental floss to help the floss glide over and between teeth. PFAS in dental floss can absorb into the bloodstream through the gums. People can avoid using floss containing PFAS, and look for silk, wax, or plant-based floss instead. Scientists are still learning about health risks from PFAS chemicals.
WHAT WE KNOW
PFAS stands for polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used in many everyday products since 1940. PFAS are often used to make products non-stick, stain resistant, water resistant, or heat resistant.
PFAS are long-lasting chemicals that can build up in both the environment and the human body.
Current research suggests PFAS may have negative health effects at certain levels. Some studies have found an increased risk of cancers, hormonal impacts, and weakened immune system, however we are still learning about these findings.
The health impacts of PFAS are thought to develop over time as PFAS levels build up in the body after repeated exposure. This build-up happens because PFAS are found in so many commonly used products, in the environment, and even in food.
UNKNOWNS
Research is ongoing to study the health impacts of PFAS. Two different PFAS chemicals, PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic Acid) and PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonate), have been removed from consumer products in the US in recent years due to health concerns. These chemicals have been replaced by other PFAS chemicals.
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On May 7th the FDA announced that they found two colors of Sacred Tattoo Ink (raven black and sunny daze) were contaminated with the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria could cause infection, rashes, and lesions where the ink was applied. People considering getting a tattoo should ensure these two colors from Sacred Ink are not used in their tattoo, and tattoo artists should check their supplies and throw away the affected inks. Lot numbers can be found at FDA.gov.
WHAT WE KNOW
The bacteria was found through routine checks of marketed tattoo inks.
The FDA does not currently regulate tattoo ink because it is considered a cosmetic product.
To minimize the chances of infection when receiving a tattoo, people should ensure they go to a licensed tattoo artist, ask about their safety standards, and research the type of ink being used.
It is estimated that one third to one half of adults in the U.S. have at least one type of tattoo, and about 5% of people who receive a tattoo experience an infection.
UNKNOWNS
There have been no reported complications from the use of Sacred Tattoo Ink, and it is unknown if they have been used.
The FDA is working with retailers to ensure these two inks are removed from stores, but it is possible they are still available in some places or were already purchased by tattoo artists, so it is important to check which inks are being used.
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On May 7th the FDA announced that they found two colors of Sacred Tattoo Ink (raven black and sunny daze) were contaminated with the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria could cause infection, rashes, and lesions where the ink was applied. People considering getting a tattoo should ensure these two colors from Sacred Ink are not used in their tattoo, and tattoo artists should check their supplies and throw away the affected inks. Lot numbers can be found at FDA.gov.
WHAT WE KNOW
The bacteria was found through routine checks of marketed tattoo inks.
The FDA does not currently regulate tattoo ink because it is considered a cosmetic product.
To minimize the chances of infection when receiving a tattoo, people should ensure they go to a licensed tattoo artist, ask about their safety standards, and research the type of ink being used.
It is estimated that one third to one half of adults in the U.S. have at least one type of tattoo, and about 5% of people who receive a tattoo experience an infection.
UNKNOWNS
There have been no reported complications from the use of Sacred Tattoo Ink, and it is unknown if they have been used.
The FDA is working with retailers to ensure these two inks are removed from stores, but it is possible they are still available in some places or were already purchased by tattoo artists, so it is important to check which inks are being used.
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On May 9th, the FDA approved Galdieria extract blue, butterfly pea flower extract (blue, green, or purple) and calcium phosphate (white) for use in foods and drinks. Research shows the three additives to be safe for use as food dyes and may provide an alternative for food manufacturers looking to switch to more natural dyes. These dyes may not work as alternatives for some products, as natural dyes tend to fade more quickly or be more expensive.
WHAT WE KNOW
Galdieria extract blue comes from a species of algae, butterfly pea flower extract comes from flower petals, and calcium phosphate is a mineral that contains calcium and phosphorus.
Synthetic color additives are often made from petroleum.
Concerns about the possible health effects of synthetic or artificial food dyes have been raised. But as of May 2025 no conclusive evidence has shown that synthetic dyes are harmful to humans in the amounts present in food. Some studies have shown carcinogenic effects in rats related to some artificial dyes like Red Dye #3, and other small studies have suggested synthetic dyes may have negative health effects. The UK and Canada require a warning label on foods that contain artificial dyes.
UNKNOWNS
It is hard to tell which products natural dyes will work for, and things like shelf life, cost, and final appearance all play a factor on whether a natural dye could be used.
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On May 9th, the FDA approved Galdieria extract blue, butterfly pea flower extract (blue, green, or purple) and calcium phosphate (white) for use in foods and drinks. Research shows the three additives to be safe for use as food dyes and may provide an alternative for food manufacturers looking to switch to more natural dyes. These dyes may not work as alternatives for some products, as natural dyes tend to fade more quickly or be more expensive.
WHAT WE KNOW
Galdieria extract blue comes from a species of algae, butterfly pea flower extract comes from flower petals, and calcium phosphate is a mineral that contains calcium and phosphorus.
Synthetic color additives are often made from petroleum.
Concerns about the possible health effects of synthetic or artificial food dyes have been raised. But as of May 2025 no conclusive evidence has shown that synthetic dyes are harmful to humans in the amounts present in food. Some studies have shown carcinogenic effects in rats related to some artificial dyes like Red Dye #3, and other small studies have suggested synthetic dyes may have negative health effects. The UK and Canada require a warning label on foods that contain artificial dyes.
UNKNOWNS
It is hard to tell which products natural dyes will work for, and things like shelf life, cost, and final appearance all play a factor on whether a natural dye could be used.
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988 no longer has the option to “press 3” to speak to someone trained in supporting LGBTQ+ youth. This option began in 2022 to help address high rates of suicide among LGBTQ+ youth. The service received 1.3 million contacts in three years. Other LGBTQ+ hotline services and support resources include The Trevor Project and The LGBT National Youth Talkline.
WHAT WE KNOW
The “press 3” option on the 988 hotline would route calls to a responder trained in the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ youth. A “press 1” option also exists and lets callers speak with someone who specializes in the challenges faced by veterans.
The service worked by routing callers to contracted organizations that specialize in LGBTQ+ services. Those contracted organizations previously received funds from the government to answer these calls.
While the “press 3” service no longer exists, LGBTQ+ youth can still call 988, or other national hotlines like the Trevor Project.
LGBTQ+ young people are four times more likely than their peers to attempt suicide because they experience higher levels of rejection, bullying, and stigma. LGBTQ+ youth with at least one supportive adult are significantly less likely to attempt suicide.
UNKNOWNS
We are still learning about how the loss of federal contract funding might affect caller wait times at LGBTQ+ national hotlines.
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988 no longer has the option to “press 3” to speak to someone trained in supporting LGBTQ+ youth. This option began in 2022 to help address high rates of suicide among LGBTQ+ youth. The service received 1.3 million contacts in three years. Other LGBTQ+ hotline services and support resources include The Trevor Project and The LGBT National Youth Talkline.
WHAT WE KNOW
The “press 3” option on the 988 hotline would route calls to a responder trained in the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ youth. A “press 1” option also exists and lets callers speak with someone who specializes in the challenges faced by veterans.
The service worked by routing callers to contracted organizations that specialize in LGBTQ+ services. Those contracted organizations previously received funds from the government to answer these calls.
While the “press 3” service no longer exists, LGBTQ+ youth can still call 988, or other national hotlines like the Trevor Project.
LGBTQ+ young people are four times more likely than their peers to attempt suicide because they experience higher levels of rejection, bullying, and stigma. LGBTQ+ youth with at least one supportive adult are significantly less likely to attempt suicide.
UNKNOWNS
We are still learning about how the loss of federal contract funding might affect caller wait times at LGBTQ+ national hotlines.
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The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission recalled above-ground pools 48-inches or taller that have a compression strap around the outside. The compression strap can be used as a foothold and could allow a child to access the pool even when the ladder is removed. Nine drowning deaths have been reported, and five million of these pools have been sold since 2002. People who have these pools sold by Polygroup, Bestway, and Intex should contact the company to receive a free repair kit with a rope to replace the compression strap. More information on the recalled models can be found at cpsc.gov.
WHAT WE KNOW
Drownings thought to be linked to compression strap on the pool were reported in California, Texas, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri.
The above ground pools have been sold at stores nationwide including but not limited to: Walmart, Target, Sears, Lowe’s, Kmart, Toys “R” Us, Sams Club, The Home Depot, Big Lots, Costco, and BJ’s. The pools were also sold online at Amazon.com, Wayfair.com and on the Bestway USA, Intex, Funsicle and Summer Waves websites.
Customers with these pools should not leave children unattended around the pool, or drain the pool, until a repair kit is received and the strap can be replaced with a rope.
UNKNOWNS
It is possible that the number of drownings or injuries related to this pool is higher, as some may have gone unreported.
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The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission recalled above-ground pools 48-inches or taller that have a compression strap around the outside. The compression strap can be used as a foothold and could allow a child to access the pool even when the ladder is removed. Nine drowning deaths have been reported, and five million of these pools have been sold since 2002. People who have these pools sold by Polygroup, Bestway, and Intex should contact the company to receive a free repair kit with a rope to replace the compression strap. More information on the recalled models can be found at cpsc.gov.
WHAT WE KNOW
Drownings thought to be linked to compression strap on the pool were reported in California, Texas, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri.
The above ground pools have been sold at stores nationwide including but not limited to: Walmart, Target, Sears, Lowe’s, Kmart, Toys “R” Us, Sams Club, The Home Depot, Big Lots, Costco, and BJ’s. The pools were also sold online at Amazon.com, Wayfair.com and on the Bestway USA, Intex, Funsicle and Summer Waves websites.
Customers with these pools should not leave children unattended around the pool, or drain the pool, until a repair kit is received and the strap can be replaced with a rope.
UNKNOWNS
It is possible that the number of drownings or injuries related to this pool is higher, as some may have gone unreported.
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For decades, many step counters have followed the goal of reaching 10,000 steps per day. A new study reviewed 57 research articles on daily steps and health. The review found that walking more, even if you don’t get 10,000 steps, could help lower your risk of type 2 diabetes, cancer mortality, dementia, heart disease and depressive symptoms. Even a moderate increase in daily steps had health benefits. The authors suggest 7,000 daily steps could be a more achievable target. Even those taking about 5,000 steps saw more benefits than those getting only 2,000 daily steps. The CDC recommends 150 minutes of moderate exercise, like brisk walking, each week.
WHAT WE KNOW
The 10,000 steps a day guideline originally came from a marketing team for a step-counting device, and not public health experts or scientific studies. While 10,000 steps is a great goal for some, for others it can feel overwhelming.
Any increase in daily steps can be beneficial for health. It is well established that consistent exercise each week can help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, and more recent studies suggest walking also lowers the risk of other chronic diseases.
Exercising for 30 minutes a day five times a week meets the CDC recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate weekly exercise.
UNKNOWNS
There still is not a well-established number of steps each person should get per day, and scientists are still researching how daily steps could impact health outcomes.
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For decades, many step counters have followed the goal of reaching 10,000 steps per day. A new study reviewed 57 research articles on daily steps and health. The review found that walking more, even if you don’t get 10,000 steps, could help lower your risk of type 2 diabetes, cancer mortality, dementia, heart disease and depressive symptoms. Even a moderate increase in daily steps had health benefits. The authors suggest 7,000 daily steps could be a more achievable target. Even those taking about 5,000 steps saw more benefits than those getting only 2,000 daily steps. The CDC recommends 150 minutes of moderate exercise, like brisk walking, each week.
WHAT WE KNOW
The 10,000 steps a day guideline originally came from a marketing team for a step-counting device, and not public health experts or scientific studies. While 10,000 steps is a great goal for some, for others it can feel overwhelming.
Any increase in daily steps can be beneficial for health. It is well established that consistent exercise each week can help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, and more recent studies suggest walking also lowers the risk of other chronic diseases.
Exercising for 30 minutes a day five times a week meets the CDC recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate weekly exercise.
UNKNOWNS
There still is not a well-established number of steps each person should get per day, and scientists are still researching how daily steps could impact health outcomes.
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Although many birth control methods like IUDs, oral pills, or shots prevent pregnancy, they do not protect against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Anyone who has vaginal, anal, oral sex, or shares sex toys with others could get an STI. Using a birth control method that provides a physical barrier such as a condom, internal condom, or dental dam every time you have sex can help protect against STIs. Most people with STIs don’t know they have them, so it is important to get tested regularly if you are sexually active and ask new sexual partners to get tested.
WHAT WE KNOW
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections you can get from having unprotected sex. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, and human papilloma virus (HPV).
Using a barrier during sex such as a condom or dental dam can protect against STIs. Condoms can protect against STIs and pregnancy when used correctly. STIs can be transmitted during sexual activities that involve the mouth, vagina, penis, or anus.
You can also ensure that you and your sexual partner(s) are tested for STIs before having sex, and on a regular basis if you are not in a monogamous relationship.
Some STIs can be prevented by a vaccine or medication. For example, a vaccine is available to help prevent human papillomavirus (HPV) and medications like PrEP help prevent infection from HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). People can talk to their healthcare provider or a community clinic to learn more about personal risk factors and preventative measures for STIs.
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Vaccines help prevent disease and do not cause autism. The false claim that vaccines cause autism dates back to a small 1998 study of 12 children and the MMR vaccine. The study was deeply flawed and based on misrepresented data and later removed from the scientific journal that published it. Since then, over 25 high-quality research studies have shown no link between autism and vaccines. Other false claims link autism to getting multiple vaccinations at the same time or to the use of vaccine preservatives. These claims have also been studied, and scientists continue to find no evidence to support these claims.
WHAT WE KNOW
Signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) tend to show up around the same time as childhood vaccinations by coincidence. Early autism signs appear in toddlers at around 2-3 years old, and a diagnosis is usually not given until the age of three or later. Many childhood vaccinations are also given between the ages of 2 months and 18 months, including the MMR vaccine.
The overlap in timing is part of the reason why false claims that vaccines cause autism could lead people to believe the two are linked. However, scientific research has repeatedly shown that this overlap in timing is coincidental and not causal, and vaccinated children do not have higher autism rates than unvaccinated children.
The number of children diagnosed with autism has risen over the past decade. Diagnostic criteria have also changed, which broadened the definition to include people with lower support needs who may not have previously qualified for the diagnosis (formerly diagnosed as Aspergers Syndrome). This, along with increased awareness of ASD, is likely the main cause of this increase.
Autism spectrum disorder, as the name implies, is a spectrum. This means that there are varying degrees to which autism affects people’s day-to-day lives.
Research has shown that the cause of autism is largely genetic, which means the genes for developing autism are passed down from one generation to the next.
UNKNOWNS
While autism is largely genetic, scientists continue to research other factors which may increase the risk of autism including the age of parents at the time of conception.
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Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) that affects 3-8% of menstruating people. Severe PMDD can interfere with daily life. PMDD’s cause is unknown. Some women on social media have reported that antihistamines like Pepcid, Benadryl or Claritin help their PMDD symptoms. However, there is currently no research to support or refute this claim. Regular long-term use of Benadryl (Diphenhydramine) is not recommended and can increase dementia risk. PMDD is often effectively treated with SSRIs, which are antidepressant medications.
WHAT WE KNOW
Symptoms of PMDD include depressed mood, increased anxiety, changes in appetite, fatigue, and mood swings.
Exercise, consuming less caffeine, lowering alcohol and sugar intake, and getting plenty of sleep are changes that may help ease symptoms. However, these changes do not work for everyone and may not make symptoms go away completely.
Ob-gyns can discuss treatment options for PMDD and may refer patients to a psychiatrist for treatment with an SSRI, a type of antidepressant medication. There is a growing body of evidence that SSRIs can be an effective form of treatment. However, more research on PMDD treatment is needed.
UNKNOWNS
The cause of PMDD is unknown, and more research is needed in this area.
The research on treatment for PMDD is also limited. While oral birth control pills are sometimes prescribed, there is limited evidence to support their effectiveness in treating PMDD.
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On June 17, FreshRealm chicken fettuccine alfredo meals sold under the Home Chef and Marketside brands were recalled after being linked to an outbreak of Listeria. The outbreak caused 3 deaths, one fetal loss, 17 reported cases, and 16 hospitalizations. The microwavable meals were sold in the refrigerator section at Walmart and Kroger nationwide with best-by dates of 6/27/25 and earlier. The investigation is ongoing, and additional products may be affected. People should not eat the recalled meals. The meals should be thrown away or returned for a refund.
WHAT WE KNOW
The outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes has been ongoing since August 2024. The same strain of Listeria was identified in routine testing of chicken alfredo meals by the FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service). The sample was collected in March 2025, and the affected lot was destroyed.
Four people out of the 17 reported cases reported eating or purchasing FreshRealm chicken alfredo.
The recalled products include 32.8-oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/27/25, 12.3 oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/26/25, and 12.5 oz. tray packages with best-by dates on or before 6/19/25.
Listeria is a type of bacteria that can contaminate food and cause illness. It thrives in cool temperatures (like a refrigerator) and rapidly multiplies when it comes into contact with food. The foods most affected include luncheon meats, raw milk, soft cheeses, smoked seafood, salads, and uncooked fruits and vegetables.
Listeria infections are especially dangerous during pregnancy, for older adults, and for anyone who is immunocompromised. Those who are pregnant and their newborns are most likely to get sick from Listeria. Often, they will only get a mild illness, but Listeria can be harmful to the unborn baby and could lead to pregnancy loss.
UNKNOWNS
The FSIS (Food Safety and Inspection Service) is continuing to investigate this outbreak to determine if a specific ingredient in the chicken alfredo is the source of contamination with Listeria monocytogenes.
The FSIS will update the recall as more information becomes available; it is possible that additional products were contaminated.
The number of cases in this outbreak is likely much higher than the reported 17 cases. This is because not everyone sees a doctor if their symptoms are mild and many cases are likely to go unreported.
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Dinty Moore beef stew was recalled after consumers reported wood pieces in the stew. The 20-oz cans of stew were produced February 4th, 2025, and distributed nationwide with expiration dates of 2028. The lot code is T02045 (there may be an additional number at the end). People should check their pantries for affected cans. Recalled stew can be returned to the place of purchase for a refund or thrown away. Pictures of recalled cans are available at FSIS.USDA.gov/recalls.
WHAT WE KNOW
Hormel Foods Corporation recalled 256,185 lbs. of beef stew after receiving three customer reports of wood in the product. The company alerted the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service.
There have been no reported injuries connected to this recall so far. Anyone who is concerned about an injury from eating this stew should contact a healthcare provider.
The cans of stew do not expire until 2028, so it is important to check your pantry now to make sure any of the recalled stew is removed.
Anyone with questions about the recall can contact Hormel Foods Corporation at 800-523-4635 or media@hormel.com.
UNKNOWNS
The source of the wood contamination is not known at this time.
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Many parts of the U.S. are experiencing higher than average humidity and extreme heat. Heat exhaustion or heat stroke are risks for everyone, even the young and healthy. Extreme heat also worsens existing conditions like heart disease and asthma. Young children and those who are pregnant, breastfeeding, or taking certain prescription medications are also more sensitive to heat. During a heat wave, take extra steps to stay hydrated and cool. Stay in air-conditioned buildings and use cold, wet cloths and fans to cool down. If you don’t have air conditioning, go to a mall, library, or cooling center during the hottest parts of the day. Call 2-1-1 for information on cooling centers.
WHAT WE KNOW
High heat combined with humidity makes it hard for the body to cool itself and can lead to heat stress, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, and make some existing health conditions worse.
Muscle cramps and heavy sweating are some of the first signs of heat stress which can turn into heat exhaustion with symptoms that include weakness, headache, nausea, and fainting. If someone is experiencing the first signs of heat stress, it is important to immediately move to a cooler place and sip water to cool down and rehydrate.
Heat stroke is the most severe stage of a heat-related illness and requires immediate medical attention. Symptoms include a body temperature above 103 F, throbbing headache, confusion, slurred speech, dizziness, vomiting, and loss of consciousness.
Some health conditions that can get worse or be triggered by elevated heat include: heart attack, stroke, kidney problems, asthma, and other respiratory illnesses.
Local cooling centers can be found at The National Center for Healthy Housing under “Cooling Centers by State”.
A map of the current heat stress risk can be found on The National Weather Service website.
UNKNOWNS
Heat waves are becoming more frequent and lasting longer; we are still learning the full impacts of these shifts.
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On June 18th, the FDA approved lenacapavir (brand name Yeztugo) for HIV prevention. The twice-a-year injection could be easier to take than current PrEP pills which require a daily dose. While the drug is not a vaccine for HIV, it can prevent infection for six months. The drug is already approved for HIV treatment under the brand name Sunlenca. We are still learning what insurance coverage and costs will be for Yeztugo and how it may help slow HIV transmission rates.
WHAT WE KNOW
Lenacapavir disrupts the early life-cycle stages of the HIV virus and keeps it from replicating. In clinical trials, Lenacapavir was 99.9% effective in preventing HIV infection.
Current drugs to prevent HIV, known collectively as PrEP, are pills that need to be taken every day to be effective. This includes medications like Truvada, Descovy and emtricitabine.
While Lenacapavir (Yeztugo), is now approved by the FDA it may take some time before it is covered by insurance.
Until insurance covers the shot or costs come down, PrEP daily oral pills are the most affordable and effective option for HIV prevention.
UNKNOWNS
Researchers are still working to develop a lower-cost version of the drug. Gilead Sciences announced the US list price to be $28,218 per person per year. Researchers have projected that production costs could be lowered to $35 - $46 per person per year with mass production and a generic version.
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The CDC released data on vaccination rates for kindergarteners from the 2024-2025 school year. Nationally, vaccination rates across all vaccines were lower than the year before, falling to 92.5% for the measles vaccine and 92.1% for all other required vaccines. Thirty-nine states had vaccination rates for measles below the target level of 95%. This yearly decline in vaccination rates has been happening since the pandemic in 2020. State level vaccination rates varied widely, from 78.5% in Idaho to 98.2% in Connecticut. Higher vaccination rates protect communities from disease, especially for those who can’t get vaccinated.
WHAT WE KNOW
Diseases like measles and whooping cough are especially dangerous for infants and young children because their immune systems are not fully developed yet. Vaccines provide protection against these diseases. Public schools require students to receive the measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), polio (IPV), and diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough (DTAP) vaccines.
If enough people in a community are vaccinated against a disease the chance of that disease spreading within the community is low. This is called “herd immunity”. The vaccination rate needed to reach herd immunity is different for each disease. For measles, 95% of people need to be vaccinated to protect the community from measles outbreaks.
Some children can’t receive a vaccine for medical reasons, and others may not receive a vaccine because of religious reasons. Typically, this is okay if enough other children are vaccinated and herd immunity is reached.
Currently, vaccination rates in many regions are below the level for herd immunity, which could mean outbreaks of certain diseases like whooping cough and measles. Unvaccinated children are at the highest risk from these diseases.
Nationally, the percentage of vaccine exemptions for children entering kindergarten has risen from 2.5% in the 2019-2020 school year to 3.6% in the 024-2025 school year.
UNKNOWNS
We are still learning what the impacts of these lower vaccination rates will be moving into the school year.
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The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) has released guidelines for pain management during common in-office procedures including IUD insertion. Everyone experiences pain differently, and the guidelines are meant to ensure that doctors inform patients of their options for pain management and help them make the best choice before undergoing a procedure. Some options for IUD insertions include numbing sprays and creams or paracervical blocks.
WHAT WE KNOW
The new ACOG guidelines also apply to other in-office gynecological procedures, including endometrial biopsy, hysteroscopy, intrauterine imaging, and cervical biopsy. Recommended pain management options vary for each procedure. Doctors should discuss the potential pain experienced during the procedure and the available pain management options with each patient.
IUD stands for Intrauterine Device and is a form of birth control that can prevent pregnancy for 3-10 years depending on the type of IUD used.
Only a healthcare provider is qualified to insert, adjust, or remove an IUD. Insertion typically takes about 15 minutes. There are pain management options available for patients to make the procedure less uncomfortable.
Each patient tolerates pain differently. A patient, in consultation with their doctor, can choose to have local anesthetics, numbing sprays or creams, NSAIDS such as Advil, or sedation throughout the procedure.
Some cramping is expected after the placement, but if someone is still experiencing cramping one week after insertion they should let their doctor know to ensure the IUD is not out of place.
People are more likely to experience pain with insertion if they have never given birth vaginally, have painful periods, experience pelvic pain and heavy periods, or know that they have a lower pain tolerance.
UNKNOWNS
Not all patients, especially Black patients, are given options for pain management before IUD procedures. We are still learning if these new guidelines will ensure doctors talk with all patients about pain management options.
We are still learning about the effectiveness of NSAIDs in reducing pain before IUD insertion.
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PFAS is a broad term for almost 15,000 long-lasting chemicals. Most people in the US have some PFAS in their blood from a wide range of exposures including non-stick cookware, water resistant clothing, and some shampoo, nail polish, eye-makeup, and food packaging. PFAS is used in some dental floss to help the floss glide over and between teeth. PFAS in dental floss can absorb into the bloodstream through the gums. People can avoid using floss containing PFAS, and look for silk, wax, or plant-based floss instead. Scientists are still learning about health risks from PFAS chemicals.
WHAT WE KNOW
PFAS stands for polyfluoroalkyl substances, which are a group of synthetic chemicals that have been used in many everyday products since 1940. PFAS are often used to make products non-stick, stain resistant, water resistant, or heat resistant.
PFAS are long-lasting chemicals that can build up in both the environment and the human body.
Current research suggests PFAS may have negative health effects at certain levels. Some studies have found an increased risk of cancers, hormonal impacts, and weakened immune system, however we are still learning about these findings.
The health impacts of PFAS are thought to develop over time as PFAS levels build up in the body after repeated exposure. This build-up happens because PFAS are found in so many commonly used products, in the environment, and even in food.
UNKNOWNS
Research is ongoing to study the health impacts of PFAS. Two different PFAS chemicals, PFOA (Perfluorooctanoic Acid) and PFOS (Perfluorooctane Sulfonate), have been removed from consumer products in the US in recent years due to health concerns. These chemicals have been replaced by other PFAS chemicals.
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On May 7th the FDA announced that they found two colors of Sacred Tattoo Ink (raven black and sunny daze) were contaminated with the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These bacteria could cause infection, rashes, and lesions where the ink was applied. People considering getting a tattoo should ensure these two colors from Sacred Ink are not used in their tattoo, and tattoo artists should check their supplies and throw away the affected inks. Lot numbers can be found at FDA.gov.
WHAT WE KNOW
The bacteria was found through routine checks of marketed tattoo inks.
The FDA does not currently regulate tattoo ink because it is considered a cosmetic product.
To minimize the chances of infection when receiving a tattoo, people should ensure they go to a licensed tattoo artist, ask about their safety standards, and research the type of ink being used.
It is estimated that one third to one half of adults in the U.S. have at least one type of tattoo, and about 5% of people who receive a tattoo experience an infection.
UNKNOWNS
There have been no reported complications from the use of Sacred Tattoo Ink, and it is unknown if they have been used.
The FDA is working with retailers to ensure these two inks are removed from stores, but it is possible they are still available in some places or were already purchased by tattoo artists, so it is important to check which inks are being used.
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On May 9th, the FDA approved Galdieria extract blue, butterfly pea flower extract (blue, green, or purple) and calcium phosphate (white) for use in foods and drinks. Research shows the three additives to be safe for use as food dyes and may provide an alternative for food manufacturers looking to switch to more natural dyes. These dyes may not work as alternatives for some products, as natural dyes tend to fade more quickly or be more expensive.
WHAT WE KNOW
Galdieria extract blue comes from a species of algae, butterfly pea flower extract comes from flower petals, and calcium phosphate is a mineral that contains calcium and phosphorus.
Synthetic color additives are often made from petroleum.
Concerns about the possible health effects of synthetic or artificial food dyes have been raised. But as of May 2025 no conclusive evidence has shown that synthetic dyes are harmful to humans in the amounts present in food. Some studies have shown carcinogenic effects in rats related to some artificial dyes like Red Dye #3, and other small studies have suggested synthetic dyes may have negative health effects. The UK and Canada require a warning label on foods that contain artificial dyes.
UNKNOWNS
It is hard to tell which products natural dyes will work for, and things like shelf life, cost, and final appearance all play a factor on whether a natural dye could be used.
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988 no longer has the option to “press 3” to speak to someone trained in supporting LGBTQ+ youth. This option began in 2022 to help address high rates of suicide among LGBTQ+ youth. The service received 1.3 million contacts in three years. Other LGBTQ+ hotline services and support resources include The Trevor Project and The LGBT National Youth Talkline.
WHAT WE KNOW
The “press 3” option on the 988 hotline would route calls to a responder trained in the unique challenges faced by LGBTQ+ youth. A “press 1” option also exists and lets callers speak with someone who specializes in the challenges faced by veterans.
The service worked by routing callers to contracted organizations that specialize in LGBTQ+ services. Those contracted organizations previously received funds from the government to answer these calls.
While the “press 3” service no longer exists, LGBTQ+ youth can still call 988, or other national hotlines like the Trevor Project.
LGBTQ+ young people are four times more likely than their peers to attempt suicide because they experience higher levels of rejection, bullying, and stigma. LGBTQ+ youth with at least one supportive adult are significantly less likely to attempt suicide.
UNKNOWNS
We are still learning about how the loss of federal contract funding might affect caller wait times at LGBTQ+ national hotlines.
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The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission recalled above-ground pools 48-inches or taller that have a compression strap around the outside. The compression strap can be used as a foothold and could allow a child to access the pool even when the ladder is removed. Nine drowning deaths have been reported, and five million of these pools have been sold since 2002. People who have these pools sold by Polygroup, Bestway, and Intex should contact the company to receive a free repair kit with a rope to replace the compression strap. More information on the recalled models can be found at cpsc.gov.
WHAT WE KNOW
Drownings thought to be linked to compression strap on the pool were reported in California, Texas, Florida, Michigan, Wisconsin and Missouri.
The above ground pools have been sold at stores nationwide including but not limited to: Walmart, Target, Sears, Lowe’s, Kmart, Toys “R” Us, Sams Club, The Home Depot, Big Lots, Costco, and BJ’s. The pools were also sold online at Amazon.com, Wayfair.com and on the Bestway USA, Intex, Funsicle and Summer Waves websites.
Customers with these pools should not leave children unattended around the pool, or drain the pool, until a repair kit is received and the strap can be replaced with a rope.
UNKNOWNS
It is possible that the number of drownings or injuries related to this pool is higher, as some may have gone unreported.
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For decades, many step counters have followed the goal of reaching 10,000 steps per day. A new study reviewed 57 research articles on daily steps and health. The review found that walking more, even if you don’t get 10,000 steps, could help lower your risk of type 2 diabetes, cancer mortality, dementia, heart disease and depressive symptoms. Even a moderate increase in daily steps had health benefits. The authors suggest 7,000 daily steps could be a more achievable target. Even those taking about 5,000 steps saw more benefits than those getting only 2,000 daily steps. The CDC recommends 150 minutes of moderate exercise, like brisk walking, each week.
WHAT WE KNOW
The 10,000 steps a day guideline originally came from a marketing team for a step-counting device, and not public health experts or scientific studies. While 10,000 steps is a great goal for some, for others it can feel overwhelming.
Any increase in daily steps can be beneficial for health. It is well established that consistent exercise each week can help lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, and more recent studies suggest walking also lowers the risk of other chronic diseases.
Exercising for 30 minutes a day five times a week meets the CDC recommendation of 150 minutes of moderate weekly exercise.
UNKNOWNS
There still is not a well-established number of steps each person should get per day, and scientists are still researching how daily steps could impact health outcomes.
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